FL Underwriting References

Acknowledgments

FS 695.03 requires a deed, mortgage, or other document to be acknowledged to be recorded. And FS 695.01 requires a deed or mortgage be recorded to be effectual against third parties. Those statutory sections provide as follows: "[n]o conveyance, transfer, or mortgage of real property . . . shall be good and effectual in law . . . against creditors or subsequent purchasers . . . unless the same shall be recorded according to law." Fla.Stat. 695.01. "To entitle any instrument concerning real property to be recorded, the execution must be acknowledged by the party executing it [and] authenticated by a . . . notary public who affixes her or his official seal." Fla.Stat. 695.03.

A jurat is not an acknowledgment so a deed or mortgage is not legally recorded if it only contains a jurat but does not have an acknowledgment. Therefore, if a recorded deed or mortgage only contains a jurat it will not provide constructive notice to third parties. Bankruptcy courts set aside mortgages for these types of technical defects.

After Acquired Title Doctrine

There is a doctrine known as the after acquired title doctrine – sometimes called estoppel by deed. Under that doctrine, if a person executes a deed or a mortgage before that signor actually has title, as long as that signor warrants the title in the deed or mortgage that they execute, when they acquire good title, that good title flows on through to their grantee or mortgagee.

Accordingly, for the after acquired title doctrine to apply, the person has to execute a warranty deed or a mortgage where they warrant that they have good title to the property. In the mortgage situation, most mortgages have a warranty clause whereby the borrower warrants that he/she has good title. Since the grantor or mortgagor is warranting to the grantee or the mortgagee that he/she has good title, they can be sued for breach of warranty if they do not have good title. Due to those warranties, when the grantor or mortgagor does acquire title after execution of the warranty deed or mortgage, that "after acquired title" flows on through to the grantee or lender.

Associations

• Association Foreclosures
  • See Foreclosures

• Association Liens
  • Under FS 718.116 and 720.3085, Associations have a lien on each unit/parcel and the lien has priority as of the recording date of the condo dec or community CCR's. However, as to first mortgagees of record, the Association's lien [condo and non-condo] only has priority from the date that the lien was recorded. So, an Association cannot foreclose out a first mortgage unless the Association's lien was recorded prior to the first mortgage. Associations can foreclose out junior mortgages regardless of when the junior mortgage was recorded.
  • After a first mortgagee obtains title through foreclosure or a deed in lieu, it has liability for unpaid assessments that came due prior to acquiring title limited to the lesser of: (1) the unit/parcel's unpaid common expenses and regular periodic assessments [non-condo statute adds "special assessments"] that came due 12 months prior to acquisition of title; or (2) one percent of the original mortgage debt."
  • Duration
    • Non-Condo HOA - 5 years from recording
    • Condominium - 1 year from recording

• Refinances Residential Property
  • Association Estoppel is not required
  • Municipal lien search is not required
  • An Indemnity from the owner/borrower is required

Bankruptcy

=Sale Of Property

• When a person files bankruptcy all of their property becomes part of the bankruptcy estate even homestead. So, the debtor cannon sell or mortgage the property because they do not have title. Title has to be returned to them in the bankruptcy. One way for the debtor to get title back from the bankruptcy estate in a Chapter 13 is when the Chapter 13 Plan is filed and it provides that the debtor will keep the subject property or at least does not say that it will be sold or surrendered to a lender; and the court enters an Order Confirming the Plan. After the plan is confirmed, title goes back in to the debtor.

• • Requirements to insure based on a Chapter 13 Plan:
    • Record a certified copy of the Chapter 13 Plan
    • Record a certified copy of the Order Approving the Plan
    • Record a certified copy of the pertinent pages from the bankruptcy docket showing that there was no appeal of the Order Approving the Plan.

Constructive Abandonment

• When a person files bankruptcy all of their property becomes part of the bankruptcy estate even homestead so the debtor cannot sell or mortgage the property because they do not have title. Title has to be returned to them in the bankruptcy. When the bankruptcy is closed and the property is listed on Schedule A and the Bankruptcy Trustee does not sell the property, title vests back in to the debtor when the bankruptcy is closed i.e. terminated. This is known as constructive abandonment.
  • Requirements to insure based on constructive abandonment:
    • Record a certified copy of Schedule A showing that the subject property was listed.
    • Record a certified copy of the bankruptcy docket showing that the bankruptcy case is closed.

Homestead Property - Sale Of

• When a person files bankruptcy all of their property becomes part of the bankruptcy estate even homestead. After filing bankruptcy, the debtor cannont sell or mortgage the property because the debtor does not have title. Title has to be returned to the debtor in the bankruptcy. One way of returning title to homestead to the debtor within the bankruptcy is to list the property as Exempt on Schedule C of the bankruptcy. Then the creditors and the Trustee have 30 days after the meeting of creditors to object to any exemptions on Schedule C. If they do not object in that 30-day period, title goes back to the debtor so he/she can sell or mortgage the homestead/property.
  • Requirements To Sell Homestead Property When Owner Files Bankruptcy:
    • Record a certified copy of Schedule C to show that the property was listed as Exempt in the bankruptcy
    • Record a certified copy of the Docket to show that neither the Trustee nor any creditors objected to the claim on Schedule C that the property is exempt from the bankruptcy estate.

Judgments - Property Acquired After Bankruptcy

• As long as the debt/judgment is listed on Schedule F in the bankruptcy and the debtor obtains a discharge in the bankruptcy, the judgment would not attach to property acquired after the discharge was entered.

• Requirements to insure over the judgment(s):
  • Record certified copy of Schedule F showing the debt/judgment.
  • Record certified copy of the discharge.
  • Record certified copy of the first page of the bankruptcy docket showing that the bankruptcy is closed.

Foreclosures

• Association Foreclosures and Small Lien Foreclosures
  • In Association foreclosures and small lien foreclosures, WFG requires personal service of process on the former owners instead of constructive service i.e. publication, as a risk analysis proposition. While constructive service is a legal way to serve a person, WFG will not rely it in small lien foreclosures including Association foreclosures because we need o be sure that the owner knew he/she was going to lose their property for that small lien amount.

Homestead Devise

Deed from Entireties ownership into Tenancy in Common in the H&W may constitute waiver of homestead such that subsequent conveyance of the 1/2 interest by will does not violate homestead devise restrictions. Stone v. Stone (4th DCA 2014)

Reforeclosure

Al LaSorte Reforeclosure - the Good, the Bad and the Ugly

After a year and a half dueling with foreclosure defense counsel, you finally have a foreclosure judgment in hand and a sale date scheduled when you learn of a subordinate lienor whose lien pre-dates the foreclosure suit, but which you didn’t name as a defendant because the pre-suit title search failed to uncover it.

Just for a moment, panic sets in. The client is counting on getting title at the upcoming clerk’s sale and won’t be happy. What to do?

Never fear, all is not lost. There is a remedy (albeit, one with a catch) – reforeclosure.

Where a subordinate lienholder is omitted in a foreclosure action, its lien is not extinguished, unlike the lien of any lienor properly named and served. But that doesn’t necessarily give the omitted lienor a windfall. The lien can still be foreclosed out, even after the clerk’s sale has occurred. While the successful high bidder at the sale takes its title subject to the omitted lien, it can eliminate the omitted lien via a re-foreclosure suit:

“The remedies of a purchaser at the foreclosure sale against an omitted junior mortgagee are a motion to compel redemption by the junior, or re-foreclosure in a suit de novo. The omitted junior mortgagee may defend in the same manner as if the initial foreclosure had not happened. Abdoney v. York, 903 So. 2d 981, 983 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005).” Marina Funding Group, Inc. v. Peninsula Property Holdings, Inc., 950 So.2d 428 (Fla. 4th DCA 2007).

The reforeclosing plaintiff need not be the lender; if the clerk’s sale has already occurred, the certificate of title holder may reforeclose as well, as the successor to the superior lienholder (mortgagee). White v. Mid-State Savings & Loan Ass’n, 530 So.2d 959 (Fla. 5th DCA 1988).

The re-foreclosure can be accomplished by a motion to compel re-foreclosure, or if the foreclosure action is already closed, by a separate suit. Therein, the complaint names only the omitted lienor as a defendant. It alleges that the lien is inferior to the foreclosed mortgage, that the lienor was inadvertently omitted from the foreclosure action, and that had it been named, this lien would have been eliminated by the foreclosure sale.

Re-foreclosure is a two-step process. The first is to obtain an order giving the lienor a set time (usually thirty days) to redeem the property by paying into the court registry the same amount it could have paid in order to redeem the property and save its lien, had it been named properly in the original foreclosure suit (i.e., the amount owed on the superior mortgage as of the date of the original foreclosure action). This can usually be handled via summary judgment. The order also provides that if the lienor fails to redeem by the deadline, the court will enter judgment removing the lien from the property.

The second step occurs once the lienor fails to redeem the property within the set time period. After the deadline runs, a motion for entry of judgment extinguishing the lien is usually all that is needed. The court enters judgment, the lien is extinguished, and you have a happy client.

Note – reforeclosure is usually a safe procedure for clearing title to property. But here’s the catch: where there is equity in the property above the redemption price, there is risk that the omitted lienor will exercise its redemption right and buy the property out from under the plaintiff. Let’s say you foreclose a $200,000 mortgage on a property worth $400,000, and in doing so you omit a $250,000 second mortgage. Let’s further say a third party buys at the clerk’s sale for $350,000, thinking she got a great deal. If that buyer then discovers the omitted second mortgage, she can file a reforeclosure action to attempt to eliminate it and clear up her title.

But in the ensuing reforeclosure, the lienor will have the opportunity to redeem the property for the same $200,000 it could have redeemed it for in the original foreclosure action.

“The term “right of redemption” takes on different meanings depending on whether it refers to the right of a mortgagor or a subordinate or junior mortgage. When a mortgagor redeems, his property is freed from the redeemed mortgage. “Redemption” in the context of a junior mortgagee or other junior lienor, “it refers to his right to satisfy a prior mortgage by payment of the debt it secures and thereby become equitably subrogated to all rights of the prior mortgagee.” Engels v. Valdesuso, 497 So. 2d 698, 700 n.1 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986).

Since in our hypothetical the property is worth double the amount of the mortgage that got foreclosed, the missed lienor has every incentive to come up with $200,000 and redeem within the thirty day period, thereby being subrogated to the original lender’s $200,000 lien position, per Marina Funding, supra. It then would have the newly-acquired $200,000 first lien, plus its own second lien of $250,000, for a total of $450,000 in liens on a property worth $400,000, using up all the equity in the property. The purchaser at the clerk’s sale would have nothing to show for her $350,000 purchase. Not such a smart deal, after all!

Moral of the story – reforeclosure can be an effective tool for eliminating omitted subordinate liens. But it only makes sense where the mortgage that was foreclosed (and therefore the price for subordinate lienors to exercise their redemption rights) is comfortably less than the value of the property.

Note – the term “reforeclosure” only applies to omitted subordinate lienholders, not to owners of the subject property itself. Where an owner is omitted in a foreclosure complaint, the foreclosure judgment is void. As such, filing a new action to name the correct owner is not a “reforeclosure,” but rather simply a “foreclosure.” English v. Bankers Trust Co. of California, 895 So.2d 1120 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005).